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DETERGENT AND FORMULATION E-BOOK

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Chapter 1

Raw Materials for 

Soaps ..................... 1-24 

Introduction .............................. 1 

Classification of Fats/Oils ........ 3 

Further classification of 

fatty oils ............................ 3 

Very useful fats and oils .......... 4 

Coconut Oil .............................. 4 

Tallow ....................................... 4 

Palm Oil ................................... 4 

Palm karnel oil ......................... 5 

Cottonseed Oil ......................... 5 

Ground Nut Oil ......................... 5 

Castor Oil ................................. 6 

Corn Oil .................................... 6 

Chinese Vegetable Tallow ....... 6 

Rice Bran Oil ........................... 6 

Olive Oil ................................... 6 

Tall Oil ...................................... 7 

Linseed Oil ............................... 7 

Babassu Oil ............................. 7 

Mahua Oil ................................ 7 

Lard .......................................... 7 

Greases ................................... 7 

Neat’s Foot Oil ......................... 8 

Hydrogenated Oil ..................... 8 

Fish Oil ..................................... 8 

Purification steps of 

soap fats ........................... 8 

Alkali Refining .......................... 9 

Acid Washing ........................... 9 

Bleaching ................................. 9 

Bleaching of absorbent............ 9 

Bleaching with the use of 

oxidization agents ........... 10 

Soap fats testing .................... 10 

Non fatty raw materials 

for soap........................... 11 

The Aklalies ........................... 11 

Soap builders ......................... 11 

Stabilizers antioxidants .......... 11 

Other additives or foam 

producing agents for 

soap ................................ 12 

Filler ....................................... 12 

Formulae for rancidity 

prevention in soap .......... 13 

Process of rancidity 

prevention ....................... 13 

Solvents ................................. 16 

Bacteriostatic/deodorants/ 

medicaments agents ...... 17 

Clarifiers ................................. 17 Colouring matters .................. 17

Colour preparation ................. 17

Milled soaps ........................... 18

List of Some Water

Soluble Dyes .................. 18

Requirement of Colours

for a 100 kg Soap

Batch ............................... 18

Full boiled/semi boiled/cold

made soaps .................... 18

Recommended oil soluble

colours ............................ 19

Soap base and liquid

soaps .............................. 19

Water soluble colours ............ 19

Washing/Laundry Soaps ....... 19

Medicated soaps .................... 19

Various shades and

colours ............................ 20

Description of perfumes ........ 20

Fixatives ................................. 21

Essential oils .......................... 21

Isolates ................................... 23

Synthetic chemicals

(odourous) ...................... 23

Synthetic chemicals ............... 23

Essential oil used as

fixatives ........................... 24

Fixatives ................................. 24

Resinous product ................... 24

Classifications of perfumes ... 24

Chapter 2

Abrasive Cleaners ..... 25-27

Chapter 3

Formulations for

Toilet Soap

Manufacture......... 28-38

Formula for Oriental

Type Toilet Soap ............. 28

Formula for Perfume

Mixture In Toilet Soaps ... 28

Formula for superfatted

soaps .............................. 29

Formula for Perfume

mixture in super

fatted soaps .................... 29

Formula for Fancy Soaps ...... 29

Formula for Fancy soaps—

perfume mixture.............. 30

Formula for Himalayan

boquet type soaps .......... 30

Formula for Boquet type

soaps—perfume

mixture ............................ 30

Formula for Rose type

soaps .............................. 30

Formula for Rose type

soaps—perfume

mixture ............................ 31

Formulae for Inferior

quality toilet soaps .......... 31

Formula for Inferior

quality toilet soaps .......... 31

Process of inferior quality

toilet soap ....................... 31

Formula for Lux type soaps... 32

Process of Lux type soap

manufacture .................... 32

Formula for Khas Soaps ....... 32

Formula for Amla Soap ......... 32

Formula for Rose Soap ......... 33

Formula for Sandal Soap ...... 33

Formula for Musk soap.......... 33

Formula for Almond Soap ..... 34

Carbolic Soap is the

Category Of Grade 3

Toilet Soap ...................... 34

Formula for Carbolic Soap .... 34

Formula for LifeBuoy Type

Carbolic Soap ................. 35

Manufacturing process of

carbolic soap .................. 35

Transparent Soap as a

Winter Soap.................... 35

Formulae for Transparent

Soap Manufacture .......... 36

Formula For Winter Soap

Manufacturing ................. 37

Method of transparent soap

manufacture .................... 37

Manufacture of Transparent

soap in power sector ...... 37

Transparent Soap

Manufacture In Non-

Power Sector .................. 38

Chapter 4

Fabric Softeners ........ 39-43

Chapter 5

Formulations of

Perfumes.............. 44-69

Introduction ............................ 44

Formula .................................. 45

Formula(Curacao Base) ........ 46

Formula (Perfume Cuir

base 1)............................ 46

Formula (Perfume woody

base 1)............................ 47

Formula (Parfum QH 1) ......... 48

Formula (Bouvardia DM) ....... 49

Formula (Parfum AO) ............ 49

Formula (Parfum F) ............... 50

Formula (Parfum HB) ............ 51

Aldehydic Perfumes ............... 52

Formula (Parfume VN) .......... 52

Formula (Parfum C) ............... 53

Formula (Parfum SP)............. 55

Chypre Types ......................... 56

Formula (Parfum)................... 57

Formula (Base Chypre H) ..... 58

Formula (Parfum V.W.) .......... 59

Oriental Perfumes .................. 60

Formula (Base S.H.) .............. 60

Formula (Parfum J)................ 61

'Green' Perfumes ................... 62

Formula (Hyacinth Green

Base) .............................. 62

Dominant Note Types ............ 63

Formula (Parfum)................... 63

The Ambergris Note............... 64

Formula (Parfum BM) ............ 65

Formula (Perfume

concentrate as above).... 66

Manufacturing Processes ...... 66

Alcoholic Strengths ................ 67

Control ................................... 68

Chapter 6

Fragrance Manufacture

with Formulae...... 70-81

Introduction ............................ 70

Formulae ................................ 70

Toilet Waters .......................... 74

Modified Colognes ................. 76

Perfumes for Men .................. 77

Lavender ................................ 78

Formula 3 (Lavender) ............ 78

Verbena.................................. 78

Violet ...................................... 79

Formula 4 (Town and

Country H.M.) ................. 79

Formula .................................. 79

Formula (Peau d’

Espagne) ........................ 80

Chapter 7

Liquid Soap ................ 82-86

Formula: Liquid Soap ............ 82

Formula: Liquid Soap

Manufacture .................... 83

Formula: Liquid Soap

Manufacture .................... 83

Formula: Liquid Soap ............ 84

Process of Liquid Soap

Manufacture .................... 84

Soft Soap Manufacture .......... 84

Formula: Soft Soap Containing

Soda ............................... 85

Formula: Soda Soft Soap

Manufacture .................... 85

Formula: Soft Soap

Containing Castor Oil ..... 86

Formula: Soft Soap With

Castor Oil........................ 86

Soft Soap Manufacturing

Process ........................... 86

Chapter 8

Liquid Detergents ...... 87-92

Chapter 9

Liquid and Paste Deter-

gents (Herbal) .... 93-114

Requisites of surfactants for

formulating liquid

detergents ....................... 93

Surfactants Most

Commonly Used ............. 94

Builders .................................. 95

Viscosity Controllers .............. 95

Other Ingredients ................... 95

Household Liquid

Detergents for

Laundering Heavy

Duty ................................ 96

Manufacture of Paste

Detergents ...................... 96

Formulations of Liquid and

Paste Detergents ............ 98

Heavy Duty Liquid

Detergents ...................... 99

Light Duty Detergents .......... 100

Liquid Shampoo ................... 101

Typical Formulation No. 1 ... 102

Opaque Viscous Solution

No. 2 ............................. 102

Procedure ............................ 102

Light Duty (for silk, wool

etc.) ............................... 103

Typical Formulation No.1 ..... 103

Procedure ............................ 103

Typical Formulation No. 2 ... 104

Rug Cleaning Liquid

Detergent Formulations 104

A Recommended

Formulation ................... 105

Formulae .............................. 105

Heavy-duty Liquid

Detergents .................... 107

Heavy-duty Liquid Detergent

with ‘Controlled Foam’ .. 108

Formula: Opaque Lotion-

type Light-duty Liquid

Detergent ...................... 108

Formula: Light-duty House-

hold Liquid Detergent ... 109

Formulae ....................................

109

40% Detergent Paste .......... 109

20% Detergent Paste .......... 109

Metal Degreasing Liquid

Detergent ...................... 110

General-purpose Solvent-

based Detergent ........... 110

Textile Scouring Paste ......... 111

Textile Degumming

Detergent Paste............ 111

Low Foaming Liquid

Detergents .................... 111

Other Formulations of

Synthetic Liquid

Detergents .................... 112

Light-duty Liquid

Detergent ...................... 112

Light-duty Liquid

Detergent for Dish-

washing ......................... 113

Household Liquid Detergent

Cleaner ......................... 113

Light-duty Clear Detergent

Liquids .......................... 113

Light-duty Liquid Detergent

Lotion ............................ 114

Heavy-duty Liquid

Detergent ...................... 114

Chapter 10

Medicated Soap

Manufacturing ..115-118

Formula: Medicated Stock-

Soap ............................. 115

Manufacturing Process of

Medicated Stock-Soap . 115

Formula: Other Medicated

Sulphur Soap ................ 116

Manufacturing Process of

Medicated Sulphur

Soap ............................. 116

Formula: Medicated Neem

Soap ............................. 117

Manufacturing Process of

Medicated Neem

Soap ............................. 117

Formula: Soap Based

Powders for Washing ... 117

Formula: Soap-Based

Powder Manufacturing

for Coloured Fabrics ..... 118

Manufacturing Process ........ 118

Chapter 11

Production of

Soap ..................119-127

Introduction .......................... 119

Manufacturing Method of

Soap ............................. 119

Production of soap full ......... 120

Boiling Process .................... 120

Manufacturing Process ........ 121

Step-I .................................... 122

Step-II................................... 122

Step-Ill .................................. 125Step-IV ................................. 125

Step-V .................................. 125

Chapter 12

Production of Cake

Soap and Washing

Bar.................... 128-134

Formula: Typical Washing

Soap ............................. 130

Recovery of glycerine as

a by—product ............... 130

Cold-made process and

semi-boiling process

in the cottage and small

scale industries ............. 132

Manufacturing Process ........ 132

Equipments used for semi-

boiling and cold-made

process ......................... 134

Chapter 13

Paste Detergents ... 135-139

Calcium Sulphonates ........... 139

Chapter 14

Perfumes

Manufacture..... 140-182

Introduction .......................... 140

Rose..................................... 141

Formulae .............................. 141

Formula (Rose F) ................ 143

Formula (Rose H) ................ 144

Formula (Rose rouge) ......... 144

Formula (Rose blanche) ...... 145

Formula (Jasmine 1) ........... 146

Formula (Jasmine 2) ........... 147

Formula (Jasmine 22.0,

Fantasy 3)..................... 147

Formula (Jasmine Base 5).... 148

Formula (Jasmine base 5a) ... 148

Orangeflower and Neroli ..... 149

Formula 12 (Orange

flower A) ........................ 149

Formula 13 (Neroli A) .......... 149

Violet .................................... 150

Formula 14 (Violet 1) ........... 151

Formula 15 (Violet 2) ........... 152

Formula 16 (Parma Violets

Absolute Art) ................. 152

Formula 17 (Violet base) ..... 153

Acacia .................................. 153

Broom .................................. 153

Carnation ............................. 154

Types of Carnation .............. 154

Oeillet de nice ...................... 154

Garden pink ......................... 154

Sea pink ............................... 155

Formula 18 (Base

Claveline 1)................... 155

Formula 19 (Base

Claveline 2)................... 155

Cyclamen ............................. 156

Fougere (Fern)..................... 156

Formula (Fougere 1) ........... 157

Formula (Fougere 2) ........... 158

Gardenia .............................. 158

Formula (Gardenia 1) .......... 159

Formula (Gardenia 2) .......... 160

Hawthorn.............................. 160

Heliotrope............................. 161

Honeysuckle ........................ 161

Formula (Chevrefe-

veuille 1) ....................... 161

Hyacinth ............................... 162

Formula (Hyacinth 1) ........... 162

Iris ...................................... 163

Lilac ...................................... 163

Formula (Lilac base 1) ........ 164

Formula (Lilac 2) ................. 165

Lily-of-the-Valley .................. 165

Formula (Muguet No. 1) ...... 166

Formula (Muguet 2) ............. 166

Linden (Lime Blossom)........ 167

Formula (Tilleul 1)................ 167

Magnolia .............................. 168

Mignonette (Reseda) ........... 168

Formula (Reseda 1) ............ 169

Mimosa ................................ 169

Narcissus ............................. 170

Formula (Base Narceine 1).... 170

Formula 33 (Narcissus 2) .... 170

Nardo ................................... 171

New-Mown Hay .................... 171

Nicotiana .............................. 172

Opopanax ............................. 172

Formula 34 (Opopanax

Art. L) ............................ 172

Orchid (Orchidee) ................ 173

Pansy ................................... 173

Peony ................................... 174

Phlox .................................... 174

Sweet Pea ........................... 175

Formula 35 (Pois de

Senteur 1) ..................... 175

Formula 36 (Sweet pea 2) .. 176

Syringa (Philadelphus) ........ 176

Formula 37 (Syringa 1) ....... 177

Trefle (Clover) ...................... 177

Formula 38 (Trefle 1)........... 178

Tuberose .............................. 178

Formula 39 (Base

Tuberose 1) .................. 179

Formula 40 (Base

Tuberose 2) .................. 179

Verbena................................ 179

Formula 41 (Verveine 1)...... 180

Wallflower ............................ 180

Wistaria ................................ 181

Ylang-Ylang ......................... 181

Formula 42 (Ylang 1) .......... 182

Formula 15

Perfumes used in

Soap, Detergents,

Disinfectants and

Cosmetics........ 183-206

Perfumes for Soaps ............. 184

Factors Influencing Soap

Perfuming ..................... 184

Esters ................................... 186

Alcohols ............................... 187

Ketones ................................ 187

Aldehydes and acetals ........ 187

Other constituents ................ 188

Soap perfumery fashions .... 188

Perfuming synthetic

detergents ..................... 189

Stability of Perfumery

Chemicals ..................... 190

Perfumed disinfectants ........ 191

Formulae .............................. 192

Perfuming the air ................. 193

Incense and fumigants ........ 195

Perfumed candles ................ 195

Paints and polishes ............. 195

Other household products ..... 196

Perfuming cosmetics ........... 197

Adapting the Perfume to

the Vehicle .................... 197

Perfuming Creams ............... 198

Perfuming Powders ............. 199

Perfuming Lipstick and

Nail Lacquer ................. 200

Hair Preparation

Perfumes ...................... 200

Perfumed Aerosols .............. 201

Pharmacy and medicine ...... 202

Industrial Perfumes .............. 202

Perfumes for Textiles ........... 202

Perfumed Ink and Paper ..... 203

Masking Malodours .............. 204

Perfume in agriculture ......... 204

Perfumed Insecticides ......... 205

Miscellaneous uses ............. 205

Flavours as perfumes .......... 206

Chapter 16

Soap from Semi-boiling

Process ............ 207-215

Production of Soap .............. 207

Physical appearance of

cold-made process ....... 208

Remedies for cold-made

products ........................ 209

Formula: Typical household

washing bar soap ......... 209

Formula: Good quality

washing soap................ 210

Formula 3:Cheaper quality

washing soap................ 210

Formula 4: Washing soaps—

cold-process ................. 211

Process of manufacture ...... 211

Formula 5: sunlight type

washing soap—

Semi-boiled process ..... 211

Process of manufacture ...... 211

Formula 6: Cotton Seed Oil

Residue For Washing

Soap ............................. 212

Process of manufacture ...... 212

Formula 7: Washing Soap

Without Adulteration ..... 212

Process of manufacture ...... 213

Formula 8: Nerol Washing

Soap by Full-Boiled

Process ......................... 213

Manufacturing Process ........ 213

Formula 9: Nerol Washing

Soap (White) ................ 214

Formula 10: Lux Soap of

White Colour................. 214

Process of manufacture ...... 214

Formula: Sandal Soap......... 214

Manufacturing Process ........ 215

Jet Saponification Process .. 215

Chapter 17

Solid Detergents

with Formulae... 216-221

Detergent Toilet Bars ........... 216

Syndet Toilet Soap

Formulae....................... 218

Formulae .............................. 218

Household Scrub Bars ........ 219

Chapter 18

Toilet Soap Manu-

facturing .......... 222-239

Band Dryer Method ............. 222

Tubular dryer method .......... 224

Flash Drying Method ........... 224

Mixing of ingredients into

the soap ........................ 224

Preservatives ....................... 226

Perfumes Used In Toilet

Soaps ............................ 227

Types of Colour Used in

the Toilet Soap.............. 227

Colour Index ........................ 227

Rules for Colours ................. 228

Opacifiers Used in Toilet

Soaps ............................ 228

Optical Brightners Used in

Toilet Soaps .................. 228

Super-Fatting Agent in Toilet

Soaps ............................ 229

Structurants used in toilet

soaps ............................ 229

Bactericides and germicides

used in toilet soaps ...... 230

Various Other Additives

Used in Toilet Soap ...... 230

Double helical mixer used

for toilet soap

manufacture .................. 230

Structure of refiners and

mills ............................... 231

Structure of three roll mill .... 233

Plodding used in toilet soap

manufacture .................. 233

Stamping machine for the

specification of soap ..... 236

Causes of stamping

problem ......................... 237

Making of dies for quality

requirement................... 238

Wrapping materials for

toilet soap ..................... 238

Wrapping machine .............. 239

Packing process .................. 239

Chapter 19

Translucent Soap

Manufacture..... 240-242

Formula: Translucent

Coconut Oil Soap ......... 241

Manufacturing process of

translucent coconut

oil soap ......................... 241

Floating soap

manufacture .................. 241

Aeration process of

floating soap ................. 241

Formula: Floating Soap ....... 242

Formula: Floating Soap ....... 242

Manufacturing process of

floating soap ................. 242

Chapter 20

Toilet Prepara-

tions ................. 243-246

Cream Shampoo Formula ... 244

Process of Cream

Shampoo ...................... 244

Liquid Shampoo

Formulae....................... 244

Formula ................................ 244

Process of Liquid

Shampoo ...................... 245

Formula for Liquid

Shampoo ...................... 245

Process of Liquid

Shampoo ...................... 245

Pearlscent Shampoo

Formula......................... 245

Process of Pearlscent

Shampoo ...................... 246

Chapter 21

Various Formulations

for Manufacture

of Soaps........... 247-274

Introduction .......................... 247

Formula: Neem Soap

Manufacture .................. 247

Process of neem soap

manufacture .................. 248

Formula: Camphor Soap

Manufacture .................. 248

Process of camphor soap

manufacture .................. 248

Formula: Naphthalene

Soap Manufacture ........ 248

Process of naphthalene

soap manufacture......... 248

Formula: White Colour

Lux Type Soap

Manufacture .................. 249

Process of manufacture ...... 249

Formula: Lux Type Soap

Manufacture .................. 249

Process of Lux type soap

manufacture .................. 249

Formula: Hamam Type

Soap Manufacture ........ 250

Process of Hamam Type

Soap Manufacture ........ 250

Formula: Chaulmogra Soap

Manufacture .................. 250

Process of Chaulmogra

Soap Manufacture ........ 250

Formula: Iodine Soap

Manufacture .................. 251

Process of iodine soap

manufacture .................. 251

Formula: Borax Bath Soap

Manufacture .................. 251

Process of borax bath soap

manufacture .................. 251

Formula: Borax Soap

Powder.......................... 252

Process of Borax Soap

Powder Manufacture .... 252

Formula: Borax Dry Soap .... 252

Process of borax dry soap

manufacture .................. 252

Formula: Surgical Soap ....... 252

Process of surgical soap

manufacture .................. 253

Formula: Germicidal Soap... 253

Process of Germicidal Soap

Manufacture .................. 253

Formula: Honey Soap

Manufacture .................. 253

Formula: Hyacinth Soap

Manufacturing ............... 254

Formula: Jasmine Soap

Manufacture .................. 254

Formula: Lily Soap Manufacture

255

Formula: Lavender Soap

Manufacturing ............... 255

Formula: Palm And Olive Oils

Manufacturing ............... 256

Formula: Frose Soap

Manufacture .................. 256

Formulae: Violet Soap ......... 256

Properties of violet soap ...... 257

Formula: Violet Soap ........... 257

Formula: Khas Soap

Manufacturing ............... 258

Manufacturing Process

of Khas Soap ................ 258

Perfumery Soap

Manufacturing

Formula......................... 258

Formula: Acacia Soap

Based On Essential

Oils ................................ 258

Formula: Acacia Soap

Manufacturing Based

On Synthetics ............... 259

Formula: Amber Soap

Manufacturing ............... 259

Formula: Cederwood Soap

Manufacturing ............... 260

Formula: Carnation Soap

Manufacturing ............... 260

Formula: Chypre Soap

Manufacturing ............... 261

Formula: Cologne Soap

Manufacturing ............... 261

Formula: Heliotrope Soap

Manufacturing ............... 261

Formulae: Herbal Soap

Manufacturing ............... 262

Formula: Washing Soap

With Soap Stone

Manufacturing ............... 263

Process of manufacture ...... 263

Formula: Washing Soap With

Soda Silicate

Manufacturing ............... 263

Formulae: Washing Soap

Manufacturing ............... 264

Process of washing soap

manufacture .................. 265

Formula: Washing Soap

Manufacturing ............... 265

Process of manufacture ...... 265

Formula: Washing Soap

Manufacturing ............... 266

Process of washing soap

manufacture .................. 266

Formula: Washing Soap of

Various Types ............... 266

Process of various type of

washing soap

manufacture .................. 267

Formulae: Bar Soap

Manufacturing ............... 267

Process of bar soap

manufacture .................. 267

Formula: Bar Soap

Manufacture .................. 268

Formula: Bar Soap

Manufacturing ............... 268

Process of bar soap

manufacture .................. 269

Formulae: Bar Soap Of

Cheaper Class

Manufacturing ............... 269

Process of cheaper class

bar soap manufacture .... 269

Formula: Low Class Bar

Soap Manufacturing ..... 270

Process of low class bar

soap manufacture ......... 270

Formula: Cheaper Class

Bar Soap

Manufacturing ............... 270

Process of cheaper class

bar soap manufacture .... 271


Formula: Minimum Quality

Bar Soap

Manufacturing ............... 271

Process of minimum

quality bar soap

manufacture .................. 271

Formula: Minimum Class

Bar Soap Manufacture .... 272

Process of minimum

class bar soap

manufacture .................. 272

Formula: Medium Class

Bar Soap Manufac-

turing ............................. 272

Process of medium

class bar soap

manufacture .................. 273

Formula: Medium Quality

Bar Soap Manufac-

turing ............................. 273

Process of Medium

Quality Bar Soap

Manufacture .................. 274

Formula: Bar Soap of

Various Quality ............. 274

Chapter 22

Detergent Powder ... 275-319

Introduction .......................... 275

Simple Absorption ................ 276

Formula for Washing of

Stone Floors ................. 278

Formula ................................ 278

Process of Manufacture....... 278

Combined Absorption and

Neutralization ................ 279

Heavy-Duty Household

Washing Powder .......... 286

Formula: 100% Sulphonic

Acid ............................... 286

Formula: 90% Sulphonic

Acid ............................... 286

Process of Manufacture....... 286

Procedure ............................ 287

Formulae for White

Household Heavy-Duty

Washing Powder .......... 287

Formula: 100% Sulphonic

Acid ............................... 287

Formula: 90% Sulphonic

Acid ............................... 287

Dry Mixing of Powders......... 288

Spray-Drying of Powders ..... 289

Colour .................................. 296

Particle Size of powder........ 298

Bulk Density ......................... 299

Residual Moisture ................ 302

Tower Operation

Conditions ..................... 306

Stickiness In Spray Dried

Powder.......................... 306

Product Uniformity ............... 306

Separation of Powder .......... 307

Wet Scrubbing ..................... 308

Use of Fines ........................ 308

Combination of Spray-

Dried and Dry-Mixed

Powders ........................ 310

Ballestra ‘Cembed’ System ... 311

Paterson-Kelley System ...... 314

Anhydro System .................. 317

Drum Drying Of Powders .... 319

Chapter 23

Testing and

Analysis ........... 320-328

Introduction .......................... 320

Tests for Oils and Fats ........ 321

Moisture Determination ....... 321

Test for Free Fatty Acids ..... 321

Test for Impurities ................ 321

Test for Unsaponifiable

matter............................ 322

Test for Titre ......................... 322

The Iodine Number .............. 323

The Saponification

Number ......................... 324

 Melting Point of Fats .......... 325

Acid Number ........................ 326

Acetyl Value ......................... 326

Specific Gravity of Oils ........ 327

Rancidity Test ...................... 327

Chapter 24

Packaging of

Detergent Powder

and Bars........... 329-343

Introduction .......................... 329

Packaged Commodities

Rules ............................. 329

Declaration To Be Made On

Every Package ............. 330

Packaging Rules .................. 331

Specific Quantities of

Packed Commodities ... 332

Synthetic Detergent

Powder Packaging........ 333

Types of Detergent Powder

Packaging ..................... 333

Cartons for Packaging ......... 334

 Paper/Poly Sachets ............ 335

Polythene Bags .................... 336

Detergent Bar Packaging .... 337

Specifications for

Packaging of

Materials ....................... 338

Testing Methods for

Packaging ..................... 338

Physical Test for

Packaging ..................... 338

Substance ............................ 339

Dimensions .......................... 339

Bursting Strength ................. 339

Compression Resistance ..... 339

Tensile Strength ................... 340

Scuff Resistance .................. 340

Moisture Content ................. 340

Other Tests for Packaging ... 340

Wax/polythene coated

wrapper ......................... 340

Stability to Alkali ................... 341

Stability to Flap .................... 341

Water Absorption ................. 341

Type of Filting ...................... 342

Machine Direction on

Paper and Board .......... 342

Stiffness of Board ................ 343

Miscellaneous Tests ............. 343


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