DETERGENT AND FORMULATION E-BOOK
Chapter 1
Raw Materials for
Soaps ..................... 1-24
Introduction .............................. 1
Classification of Fats/Oils ........ 3
Further classification of
fatty oils ............................ 3
Very useful fats and oils .......... 4
Coconut Oil .............................. 4
Tallow ....................................... 4
Palm Oil ................................... 4
Palm karnel oil ......................... 5
Cottonseed Oil ......................... 5
Ground Nut Oil ......................... 5
Castor Oil ................................. 6
Corn Oil .................................... 6
Chinese Vegetable Tallow ....... 6
Rice Bran Oil ........................... 6
Olive Oil ................................... 6
Tall Oil ...................................... 7
Linseed Oil ............................... 7
Babassu Oil ............................. 7
Mahua Oil ................................ 7
Lard .......................................... 7
Greases ................................... 7
Neat’s Foot Oil ......................... 8
Hydrogenated Oil ..................... 8
Fish Oil ..................................... 8
Purification steps of
soap fats ........................... 8
Alkali Refining .......................... 9
Acid Washing ........................... 9
Bleaching ................................. 9
Bleaching of absorbent............ 9
Bleaching with the use of
oxidization agents ........... 10
Soap fats testing .................... 10
Non fatty raw materials
for soap........................... 11
The Aklalies ........................... 11
Soap builders ......................... 11
Stabilizers antioxidants .......... 11
Other additives or foam
producing agents for
soap ................................ 12
Filler ....................................... 12
Formulae for rancidity
prevention in soap .......... 13
Process of rancidity
prevention ....................... 13
Solvents ................................. 16
Bacteriostatic/deodorants/
medicaments agents ...... 17
Clarifiers ................................. 17 Colouring matters .................. 17
Colour preparation ................. 17
Milled soaps ........................... 18
List of Some Water
Soluble Dyes .................. 18
Requirement of Colours
for a 100 kg Soap
Batch ............................... 18
Full boiled/semi boiled/cold
made soaps .................... 18
Recommended oil soluble
colours ............................ 19
Soap base and liquid
soaps .............................. 19
Water soluble colours ............ 19
Washing/Laundry Soaps ....... 19
Medicated soaps .................... 19
Various shades and
colours ............................ 20
Description of perfumes ........ 20
Fixatives ................................. 21
Essential oils .......................... 21
Isolates ................................... 23
Synthetic chemicals
(odourous) ...................... 23
Synthetic chemicals ............... 23
Essential oil used as
fixatives ........................... 24
Fixatives ................................. 24
Resinous product ................... 24
Classifications of perfumes ... 24
Chapter 2
Abrasive Cleaners ..... 25-27
Chapter 3
Formulations for
Toilet Soap
Manufacture......... 28-38
Formula for Oriental
Type Toilet Soap ............. 28
Formula for Perfume
Mixture In Toilet Soaps ... 28
Formula for superfatted
soaps .............................. 29
Formula for Perfume
mixture in super
fatted soaps .................... 29
Formula for Fancy Soaps ...... 29
Formula for Fancy soaps—
perfume mixture.............. 30
Formula for Himalayan
boquet type soaps .......... 30
Formula for Boquet type
soaps—perfume
mixture ............................ 30
Formula for Rose type
soaps .............................. 30
Formula for Rose type
soaps—perfume
mixture ............................ 31
Formulae for Inferior
quality toilet soaps .......... 31
Formula for Inferior
quality toilet soaps .......... 31
Process of inferior quality
toilet soap ....................... 31
Formula for Lux type soaps... 32
Process of Lux type soap
manufacture .................... 32
Formula for Khas Soaps ....... 32
Formula for Amla Soap ......... 32
Formula for Rose Soap ......... 33
Formula for Sandal Soap ...... 33
Formula for Musk soap.......... 33
Formula for Almond Soap ..... 34
Carbolic Soap is the
Category Of Grade 3
Toilet Soap ...................... 34
Formula for Carbolic Soap .... 34
Formula for LifeBuoy Type
Carbolic Soap ................. 35
Manufacturing process of
carbolic soap .................. 35
Transparent Soap as a
Winter Soap.................... 35
Formulae for Transparent
Soap Manufacture .......... 36
Formula For Winter Soap
Manufacturing ................. 37
Method of transparent soap
manufacture .................... 37
Manufacture of Transparent
soap in power sector ...... 37
Transparent Soap
Manufacture In Non-
Power Sector .................. 38
Chapter 4
Fabric Softeners ........ 39-43
Chapter 5
Formulations of
Perfumes.............. 44-69
Introduction ............................ 44
Formula .................................. 45
Formula(Curacao Base) ........ 46
Formula (Perfume Cuir
base 1)............................ 46
Formula (Perfume woody
base 1)............................ 47
Formula (Parfum QH 1) ......... 48
Formula (Bouvardia DM) ....... 49
Formula (Parfum AO) ............ 49
Formula (Parfum F) ............... 50
Formula (Parfum HB) ............ 51
Aldehydic Perfumes ............... 52
Formula (Parfume VN) .......... 52
Formula (Parfum C) ............... 53
Formula (Parfum SP)............. 55
Chypre Types ......................... 56
Formula (Parfum)................... 57
Formula (Base Chypre H) ..... 58
Formula (Parfum V.W.) .......... 59
Oriental Perfumes .................. 60
Formula (Base S.H.) .............. 60
Formula (Parfum J)................ 61
'Green' Perfumes ................... 62
Formula (Hyacinth Green
Base) .............................. 62
Dominant Note Types ............ 63
Formula (Parfum)................... 63
The Ambergris Note............... 64
Formula (Parfum BM) ............ 65
Formula (Perfume
concentrate as above).... 66
Manufacturing Processes ...... 66
Alcoholic Strengths ................ 67
Control ................................... 68
Chapter 6
Fragrance Manufacture
with Formulae...... 70-81
Introduction ............................ 70
Formulae ................................ 70
Toilet Waters .......................... 74
Modified Colognes ................. 76
Perfumes for Men .................. 77
Lavender ................................ 78
Formula 3 (Lavender) ............ 78
Verbena.................................. 78
Violet ...................................... 79
Formula 4 (Town and
Country H.M.) ................. 79
Formula .................................. 79
Formula (Peau d’
Espagne) ........................ 80
Chapter 7
Liquid Soap ................ 82-86
Formula: Liquid Soap ............ 82
Formula: Liquid Soap
Manufacture .................... 83
Formula: Liquid Soap
Manufacture .................... 83
Formula: Liquid Soap ............ 84
Process of Liquid Soap
Manufacture .................... 84
Soft Soap Manufacture .......... 84
Formula: Soft Soap Containing
Soda ............................... 85
Formula: Soda Soft Soap
Manufacture .................... 85
Formula: Soft Soap
Containing Castor Oil ..... 86
Formula: Soft Soap With
Castor Oil........................ 86
Soft Soap Manufacturing
Process ........................... 86
Chapter 8
Liquid Detergents ...... 87-92
Chapter 9
Liquid and Paste Deter-
gents (Herbal) .... 93-114
Requisites of surfactants for
formulating liquid
detergents ....................... 93
Surfactants Most
Commonly Used ............. 94
Builders .................................. 95
Viscosity Controllers .............. 95
Other Ingredients ................... 95
Household Liquid
Detergents for
Laundering Heavy
Duty ................................ 96
Manufacture of Paste
Detergents ...................... 96
Formulations of Liquid and
Paste Detergents ............ 98
Heavy Duty Liquid
Detergents ...................... 99
Light Duty Detergents .......... 100
Liquid Shampoo ................... 101
Typical Formulation No. 1 ... 102
Opaque Viscous Solution
No. 2 ............................. 102
Procedure ............................ 102
Light Duty (for silk, wool
etc.) ............................... 103
Typical Formulation No.1 ..... 103
Procedure ............................ 103
Typical Formulation No. 2 ... 104
Rug Cleaning Liquid
Detergent Formulations 104
A Recommended
Formulation ................... 105
Formulae .............................. 105
Heavy-duty Liquid
Detergents .................... 107
Heavy-duty Liquid Detergent
with ‘Controlled Foam’ .. 108
Formula: Opaque Lotion-
type Light-duty Liquid
Detergent ...................... 108
Formula: Light-duty House-
hold Liquid Detergent ... 109
Formulae ....................................
109
40% Detergent Paste .......... 109
20% Detergent Paste .......... 109
Metal Degreasing Liquid
Detergent ...................... 110
General-purpose Solvent-
based Detergent ........... 110
Textile Scouring Paste ......... 111
Textile Degumming
Detergent Paste............ 111
Low Foaming Liquid
Detergents .................... 111
Other Formulations of
Synthetic Liquid
Detergents .................... 112
Light-duty Liquid
Detergent ...................... 112
Light-duty Liquid
Detergent for Dish-
washing ......................... 113
Household Liquid Detergent
Cleaner ......................... 113
Light-duty Clear Detergent
Liquids .......................... 113
Light-duty Liquid Detergent
Lotion ............................ 114
Heavy-duty Liquid
Detergent ...................... 114
Chapter 10
Medicated Soap
Manufacturing ..115-118
Formula: Medicated Stock-
Soap ............................. 115
Manufacturing Process of
Medicated Stock-Soap . 115
Formula: Other Medicated
Sulphur Soap ................ 116
Manufacturing Process of
Medicated Sulphur
Soap ............................. 116
Formula: Medicated Neem
Soap ............................. 117
Manufacturing Process of
Medicated Neem
Soap ............................. 117
Formula: Soap Based
Powders for Washing ... 117
Formula: Soap-Based
Powder Manufacturing
for Coloured Fabrics ..... 118
Manufacturing Process ........ 118
Chapter 11
Production of
Soap ..................119-127
Introduction .......................... 119
Manufacturing Method of
Soap ............................. 119
Production of soap full ......... 120
Boiling Process .................... 120
Manufacturing Process ........ 121
Step-I .................................... 122
Step-II................................... 122
Step-Ill .................................. 125Step-IV ................................. 125
Step-V .................................. 125
Chapter 12
Production of Cake
Soap and Washing
Bar.................... 128-134
Formula: Typical Washing
Soap ............................. 130
Recovery of glycerine as
a by—product ............... 130
Cold-made process and
semi-boiling process
in the cottage and small
scale industries ............. 132
Manufacturing Process ........ 132
Equipments used for semi-
boiling and cold-made
process ......................... 134
Chapter 13
Paste Detergents ... 135-139
Calcium Sulphonates ........... 139
Chapter 14
Perfumes
Manufacture..... 140-182
Introduction .......................... 140
Rose..................................... 141
Formulae .............................. 141
Formula (Rose F) ................ 143
Formula (Rose H) ................ 144
Formula (Rose rouge) ......... 144
Formula (Rose blanche) ...... 145
Formula (Jasmine 1) ........... 146
Formula (Jasmine 2) ........... 147
Formula (Jasmine 22.0,
Fantasy 3)..................... 147
Formula (Jasmine Base 5).... 148
Formula (Jasmine base 5a) ... 148
Orangeflower and Neroli ..... 149
Formula 12 (Orange
flower A) ........................ 149
Formula 13 (Neroli A) .......... 149
Violet .................................... 150
Formula 14 (Violet 1) ........... 151
Formula 15 (Violet 2) ........... 152
Formula 16 (Parma Violets
Absolute Art) ................. 152
Formula 17 (Violet base) ..... 153
Acacia .................................. 153
Broom .................................. 153
Carnation ............................. 154
Types of Carnation .............. 154
Oeillet de nice ...................... 154
Garden pink ......................... 154
Sea pink ............................... 155
Formula 18 (Base
Claveline 1)................... 155
Formula 19 (Base
Claveline 2)................... 155
Cyclamen ............................. 156
Fougere (Fern)..................... 156
Formula (Fougere 1) ........... 157
Formula (Fougere 2) ........... 158
Gardenia .............................. 158
Formula (Gardenia 1) .......... 159
Formula (Gardenia 2) .......... 160
Hawthorn.............................. 160
Heliotrope............................. 161
Honeysuckle ........................ 161
Formula (Chevrefe-
veuille 1) ....................... 161
Hyacinth ............................... 162
Formula (Hyacinth 1) ........... 162
Iris ...................................... 163
Lilac ...................................... 163
Formula (Lilac base 1) ........ 164
Formula (Lilac 2) ................. 165
Lily-of-the-Valley .................. 165
Formula (Muguet No. 1) ...... 166
Formula (Muguet 2) ............. 166
Linden (Lime Blossom)........ 167
Formula (Tilleul 1)................ 167
Magnolia .............................. 168
Mignonette (Reseda) ........... 168
Formula (Reseda 1) ............ 169
Mimosa ................................ 169
Narcissus ............................. 170
Formula (Base Narceine 1).... 170
Formula 33 (Narcissus 2) .... 170
Nardo ................................... 171
New-Mown Hay .................... 171
Nicotiana .............................. 172
Opopanax ............................. 172
Formula 34 (Opopanax
Art. L) ............................ 172
Orchid (Orchidee) ................ 173
Pansy ................................... 173
Peony ................................... 174
Phlox .................................... 174
Sweet Pea ........................... 175
Formula 35 (Pois de
Senteur 1) ..................... 175
Formula 36 (Sweet pea 2) .. 176
Syringa (Philadelphus) ........ 176
Formula 37 (Syringa 1) ....... 177
Trefle (Clover) ...................... 177
Formula 38 (Trefle 1)........... 178
Tuberose .............................. 178
Formula 39 (Base
Tuberose 1) .................. 179
Formula 40 (Base
Tuberose 2) .................. 179
Verbena................................ 179
Formula 41 (Verveine 1)...... 180
Wallflower ............................ 180
Wistaria ................................ 181
Ylang-Ylang ......................... 181
Formula 42 (Ylang 1) .......... 182
Formula 15
Perfumes used in
Soap, Detergents,
Disinfectants and
Cosmetics........ 183-206
Perfumes for Soaps ............. 184
Factors Influencing Soap
Perfuming ..................... 184
Esters ................................... 186
Alcohols ............................... 187
Ketones ................................ 187
Aldehydes and acetals ........ 187
Other constituents ................ 188
Soap perfumery fashions .... 188
Perfuming synthetic
detergents ..................... 189
Stability of Perfumery
Chemicals ..................... 190
Perfumed disinfectants ........ 191
Formulae .............................. 192
Perfuming the air ................. 193
Incense and fumigants ........ 195
Perfumed candles ................ 195
Paints and polishes ............. 195
Other household products ..... 196
Perfuming cosmetics ........... 197
Adapting the Perfume to
the Vehicle .................... 197
Perfuming Creams ............... 198
Perfuming Powders ............. 199
Perfuming Lipstick and
Nail Lacquer ................. 200
Hair Preparation
Perfumes ...................... 200
Perfumed Aerosols .............. 201
Pharmacy and medicine ...... 202
Industrial Perfumes .............. 202
Perfumes for Textiles ........... 202
Perfumed Ink and Paper ..... 203
Masking Malodours .............. 204
Perfume in agriculture ......... 204
Perfumed Insecticides ......... 205
Miscellaneous uses ............. 205
Flavours as perfumes .......... 206
Chapter 16
Soap from Semi-boiling
Process ............ 207-215
Production of Soap .............. 207
Physical appearance of
cold-made process ....... 208
Remedies for cold-made
products ........................ 209
Formula: Typical household
washing bar soap ......... 209
Formula: Good quality
washing soap................ 210
Formula 3:Cheaper quality
washing soap................ 210
Formula 4: Washing soaps—
cold-process ................. 211
Process of manufacture ...... 211
Formula 5: sunlight type
washing soap—
Semi-boiled process ..... 211
Process of manufacture ...... 211
Formula 6: Cotton Seed Oil
Residue For Washing
Soap ............................. 212
Process of manufacture ...... 212
Formula 7: Washing Soap
Without Adulteration ..... 212
Process of manufacture ...... 213
Formula 8: Nerol Washing
Soap by Full-Boiled
Process ......................... 213
Manufacturing Process ........ 213
Formula 9: Nerol Washing
Soap (White) ................ 214
Formula 10: Lux Soap of
White Colour................. 214
Process of manufacture ...... 214
Formula: Sandal Soap......... 214
Manufacturing Process ........ 215
Jet Saponification Process .. 215
Chapter 17
Solid Detergents
with Formulae... 216-221
Detergent Toilet Bars ........... 216
Syndet Toilet Soap
Formulae....................... 218
Formulae .............................. 218
Household Scrub Bars ........ 219
Chapter 18
Toilet Soap Manu-
facturing .......... 222-239
Band Dryer Method ............. 222
Tubular dryer method .......... 224
Flash Drying Method ........... 224
Mixing of ingredients into
the soap ........................ 224
Preservatives ....................... 226
Perfumes Used In Toilet
Soaps ............................ 227
Types of Colour Used in
the Toilet Soap.............. 227
Colour Index ........................ 227
Rules for Colours ................. 228
Opacifiers Used in Toilet
Soaps ............................ 228
Optical Brightners Used in
Toilet Soaps .................. 228
Super-Fatting Agent in Toilet
Soaps ............................ 229
Structurants used in toilet
soaps ............................ 229
Bactericides and germicides
used in toilet soaps ...... 230
Various Other Additives
Used in Toilet Soap ...... 230
Double helical mixer used
for toilet soap
manufacture .................. 230
Structure of refiners and
mills ............................... 231
Structure of three roll mill .... 233
Plodding used in toilet soap
manufacture .................. 233
Stamping machine for the
specification of soap ..... 236
Causes of stamping
problem ......................... 237
Making of dies for quality
requirement................... 238
Wrapping materials for
toilet soap ..................... 238
Wrapping machine .............. 239
Packing process .................. 239
Chapter 19
Translucent Soap
Manufacture..... 240-242
Formula: Translucent
Coconut Oil Soap ......... 241
Manufacturing process of
translucent coconut
oil soap ......................... 241
Floating soap
manufacture .................. 241
Aeration process of
floating soap ................. 241
Formula: Floating Soap ....... 242
Formula: Floating Soap ....... 242
Manufacturing process of
floating soap ................. 242
Chapter 20
Toilet Prepara-
tions ................. 243-246
Cream Shampoo Formula ... 244
Process of Cream
Shampoo ...................... 244
Liquid Shampoo
Formulae....................... 244
Formula ................................ 244
Process of Liquid
Shampoo ...................... 245
Formula for Liquid
Shampoo ...................... 245
Process of Liquid
Shampoo ...................... 245
Pearlscent Shampoo
Formula......................... 245
Process of Pearlscent
Shampoo ...................... 246
Chapter 21
Various Formulations
for Manufacture
of Soaps........... 247-274
Introduction .......................... 247
Formula: Neem Soap
Manufacture .................. 247
Process of neem soap
manufacture .................. 248
Formula: Camphor Soap
Manufacture .................. 248
Process of camphor soap
manufacture .................. 248
Formula: Naphthalene
Soap Manufacture ........ 248
Process of naphthalene
soap manufacture......... 248
Formula: White Colour
Lux Type Soap
Manufacture .................. 249
Process of manufacture ...... 249
Formula: Lux Type Soap
Manufacture .................. 249
Process of Lux type soap
manufacture .................. 249
Formula: Hamam Type
Soap Manufacture ........ 250
Process of Hamam Type
Soap Manufacture ........ 250
Formula: Chaulmogra Soap
Manufacture .................. 250
Process of Chaulmogra
Soap Manufacture ........ 250
Formula: Iodine Soap
Manufacture .................. 251
Process of iodine soap
manufacture .................. 251
Formula: Borax Bath Soap
Manufacture .................. 251
Process of borax bath soap
manufacture .................. 251
Formula: Borax Soap
Powder.......................... 252
Process of Borax Soap
Powder Manufacture .... 252
Formula: Borax Dry Soap .... 252
Process of borax dry soap
manufacture .................. 252
Formula: Surgical Soap ....... 252
Process of surgical soap
manufacture .................. 253
Formula: Germicidal Soap... 253
Process of Germicidal Soap
Manufacture .................. 253
Formula: Honey Soap
Manufacture .................. 253
Formula: Hyacinth Soap
Manufacturing ............... 254
Formula: Jasmine Soap
Manufacture .................. 254
Formula: Lily Soap Manufacture
255
Formula: Lavender Soap
Manufacturing ............... 255
Formula: Palm And Olive Oils
Manufacturing ............... 256
Formula: Frose Soap
Manufacture .................. 256
Formulae: Violet Soap ......... 256
Properties of violet soap ...... 257
Formula: Violet Soap ........... 257
Formula: Khas Soap
Manufacturing ............... 258
Manufacturing Process
of Khas Soap ................ 258
Perfumery Soap
Manufacturing
Formula......................... 258
Formula: Acacia Soap
Based On Essential
Oils ................................ 258
Formula: Acacia Soap
Manufacturing Based
On Synthetics ............... 259
Formula: Amber Soap
Manufacturing ............... 259
Formula: Cederwood Soap
Manufacturing ............... 260
Formula: Carnation Soap
Manufacturing ............... 260
Formula: Chypre Soap
Manufacturing ............... 261
Formula: Cologne Soap
Manufacturing ............... 261
Formula: Heliotrope Soap
Manufacturing ............... 261
Formulae: Herbal Soap
Manufacturing ............... 262
Formula: Washing Soap
With Soap Stone
Manufacturing ............... 263
Process of manufacture ...... 263
Formula: Washing Soap With
Soda Silicate
Manufacturing ............... 263
Formulae: Washing Soap
Manufacturing ............... 264
Process of washing soap
manufacture .................. 265
Formula: Washing Soap
Manufacturing ............... 265
Process of manufacture ...... 265
Formula: Washing Soap
Manufacturing ............... 266
Process of washing soap
manufacture .................. 266
Formula: Washing Soap of
Various Types ............... 266
Process of various type of
washing soap
manufacture .................. 267
Formulae: Bar Soap
Manufacturing ............... 267
Process of bar soap
manufacture .................. 267
Formula: Bar Soap
Manufacture .................. 268
Formula: Bar Soap
Manufacturing ............... 268
Process of bar soap
manufacture .................. 269
Formulae: Bar Soap Of
Cheaper Class
Manufacturing ............... 269
Process of cheaper class
bar soap manufacture .... 269
Formula: Low Class Bar
Soap Manufacturing ..... 270
Process of low class bar
soap manufacture ......... 270
Formula: Cheaper Class
Bar Soap
Manufacturing ............... 270
Process of cheaper class
bar soap manufacture .... 271
Formula: Minimum Quality
Bar Soap
Manufacturing ............... 271
Process of minimum
quality bar soap
manufacture .................. 271
Formula: Minimum Class
Bar Soap Manufacture .... 272
Process of minimum
class bar soap
manufacture .................. 272
Formula: Medium Class
Bar Soap Manufac-
turing ............................. 272
Process of medium
class bar soap
manufacture .................. 273
Formula: Medium Quality
Bar Soap Manufac-
turing ............................. 273
Process of Medium
Quality Bar Soap
Manufacture .................. 274
Formula: Bar Soap of
Various Quality ............. 274
Chapter 22
Detergent Powder ... 275-319
Introduction .......................... 275
Simple Absorption ................ 276
Formula for Washing of
Stone Floors ................. 278
Formula ................................ 278
Process of Manufacture....... 278
Combined Absorption and
Neutralization ................ 279
Heavy-Duty Household
Washing Powder .......... 286
Formula: 100% Sulphonic
Acid ............................... 286
Formula: 90% Sulphonic
Acid ............................... 286
Process of Manufacture....... 286
Procedure ............................ 287
Formulae for White
Household Heavy-Duty
Washing Powder .......... 287
Formula: 100% Sulphonic
Acid ............................... 287
Formula: 90% Sulphonic
Acid ............................... 287
Dry Mixing of Powders......... 288
Spray-Drying of Powders ..... 289
Colour .................................. 296
Particle Size of powder........ 298
Bulk Density ......................... 299
Residual Moisture ................ 302
Tower Operation
Conditions ..................... 306
Stickiness In Spray Dried
Powder.......................... 306
Product Uniformity ............... 306
Separation of Powder .......... 307
Wet Scrubbing ..................... 308
Use of Fines ........................ 308
Combination of Spray-
Dried and Dry-Mixed
Powders ........................ 310
Ballestra ‘Cembed’ System ... 311
Paterson-Kelley System ...... 314
Anhydro System .................. 317
Drum Drying Of Powders .... 319
Chapter 23
Testing and
Analysis ........... 320-328
Introduction .......................... 320
Tests for Oils and Fats ........ 321
Moisture Determination ....... 321
Test for Free Fatty Acids ..... 321
Test for Impurities ................ 321
Test for Unsaponifiable
matter............................ 322
Test for Titre ......................... 322
The Iodine Number .............. 323
The Saponification
Number ......................... 324
Melting Point of Fats .......... 325
Acid Number ........................ 326
Acetyl Value ......................... 326
Specific Gravity of Oils ........ 327
Rancidity Test ...................... 327
Chapter 24
Packaging of
Detergent Powder
and Bars........... 329-343
Introduction .......................... 329
Packaged Commodities
Rules ............................. 329
Declaration To Be Made On
Every Package ............. 330
Packaging Rules .................. 331
Specific Quantities of
Packed Commodities ... 332
Synthetic Detergent
Powder Packaging........ 333
Types of Detergent Powder
Packaging ..................... 333
Cartons for Packaging ......... 334
Paper/Poly Sachets ............ 335
Polythene Bags .................... 336
Detergent Bar Packaging .... 337
Specifications for
Packaging of
Materials ....................... 338
Testing Methods for
Packaging ..................... 338
Physical Test for
Packaging ..................... 338
Substance ............................ 339
Dimensions .......................... 339
Bursting Strength ................. 339
Compression Resistance ..... 339
Tensile Strength ................... 340
Scuff Resistance .................. 340
Moisture Content ................. 340
Other Tests for Packaging ... 340
Wax/polythene coated
wrapper ......................... 340
Stability to Alkali ................... 341
Stability to Flap .................... 341
Water Absorption ................. 341
Type of Filting ...................... 342
Machine Direction on
Paper and Board .......... 342
Stiffness of Board ................ 343
Miscellaneous Tests ............. 343