Strategic Influence & Control

Techniques & Mechanisms Truth Serum

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Truth Serum: A Look at Commonly Used Drugs

February 1922 Dallas Morning News reported of a drug that rendered a person unable to confabulate a lie.

 Robert House, a Texas Physician was first to make the claim of scopolamine hydrobromide creating a trance-like somnambulant state forcing truth from the recipient. Before this the drug was known to force forgetting of bad memories likely to cause PTSD

Truth serum is a term used to describe a range of drugs that are used to induce a state of relaxation and openness in a person, making them more likely to tell the truth. While there is no scientific evidence that these drugs actually work, they have been used in various forms for decades. 

most commonly used truth serums.

3-quinuclidinyl benzilate

3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (3-QNB)

 3-QNB is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless drug that was developed in the 1950

amobarbital

ethanol

flunitrazepam

 scopolaminemidazolam

sodium thiopental

Related to sedatives the difference being:

Sedatives 

Calm

Relax

Sleepy

Forgetful

Subdued 

Hypnotics

Lengthen sleep

Check out

Hypnosmoke: Archive of Men Hypnotized With Smoke 1-100

1930's

(1935)

 "Chloroform-d (Deuteriochloroform)"

Breuer, F. W.

Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (11): 2236–2237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01314a058.

No Abstract 

(1945-03-01)

"Narcosynthesis for the civilian neurosis".

Freed, Herbert 

Psychiatric Quarterly. 20 (1): 39–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01574360. ISSN 0033-2720. PMID 21018013. S2CID 35710712.

No abstract

1960's

(1964)

"A Convenient Preparation of Chloroform-d1".

 1". Kluger, Ronald 

The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 29 (7): 2045–2046. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01030a526.

No Abstract

1970's

(1975)

"Sleep and hypnotic drugs".

Johns MW 

Drugs. 9 (6): 448–478. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197509060-00004. PMID 238826. S2CID 38775294.

In recent years the effectiveness of hypnotic drugs has had to be assessed in terms of a greatly increased knowledge of the physiology and pathology of sleep. The normal pattern of sleep and wakefulness involves a cyclic alternation between three rather than two basically dissimilar states of the brain and body — alert wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. The pattern of this alternation in individual people results from the interaction of many influences — biological (including genetic, early developmental and later degenerative influences), psychological, social and environmental factors, various physical and psychiatric disorders, and most drugs which affect the central nervous system. The quality of sleep is not related in any simple or constant manner either to its duration or to the proportions of time spent in each stage of sleep. Among the disorders of sleep, insomnia is a far more common problem of medical management than are enuresis, narcolepsy, somnambulism or nightmares.

bh

2001

"Chloroform". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis.

Srebnik, M.; Laloë, E. 

Wiley. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/047084289X.rc105. ISBN 978-0471936237.

[67-66-3] CHCl3 (MW 119.38)

InChI = 1S/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H

InChIKey = HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(commonly a solvent in organic synthesis; also used in the preparation of dichlorocarbenes and α-trichloromethyl carbinols; and as a trichlorolithiocarbenoid precursor)

Physical Data: mp −63.5 °C; bp 61.7 °C; d 1.483 g cm−3.

Solubility: very slightly sol water; sol ether, acetone, benzene, and ligroins.

Form Supplied in: colorless liquid with a sweet pleasant odor; available in high purity (99–99.9%).

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: oxidized by air and sunlight to phosgene. The addition of a small amount of alcohol or pentylenes prevents this. The solution should be handled with the usual precautions related to highly toxic substances; cancer suspect agent.

2003

"Contradicting a Unitary Theory of General Anesthetic Action: a History of Three Compounds from 1901 to 2001".

Krasowski, Matthew D. 

Bulletin of Anesthesia History. 21 (3): 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8649(03)50031-2. PMC 2701367. PMID 17494361.

No Abstract

2004

What's wrong with prescribing hypnotics?".

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 42 (12): 89–93. December 2004. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/dtb.2004.421289. PMID 15587763. S2CID 40188442.

 Zhdanova IV 

Expert bodies have long advised that use of hypnotic drugs should be limited to short courses for acutely distressed patients and should generally be avoided in elderly people.1–3 Despite this, more than 10 million prescriptions for hypnotics continue to be dispensed each year in England alone, mostly for benzodiazepines and drugs with similar actions such as zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone (so called 'Z-drugs').4 Around 80% of all such prescriptions are for people aged 65 years or over,5 and many patients remain on the drugs for months or years.6 Such prescribing carries many potential hazards for patients, including risk of dependence, accidents and other adverse effects on health.7 Here we review how the risks from hypnotic drugs can be minimised.

(2004-06-01)

"Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients". 

Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S 

Journal of Psychiatric Research. 38 (3): 327–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003. PMID 15003439.

 Maiuro RD (13 .

We studied the sleep of patients with insomnia during continuous and very long-term use of benzodiazepines (BZDs), and after withdrawal. A group of 25 patients (mean age 44.3±11.8 years) with persistent insomnia, who had been taking BZDs nightly for 6.8±5.4 years was selected. The control group was comprised of 18 age-matched healthy individuals. Sleep stage parameters were analyzed during Night 1 (while taking BZDs), Night 2 (first night after completing BZD withdrawal), and Night 3 (15 days after gradual BZD withdrawal).

 Sleep data for control subjects was monitored in parallel. Sleep EEGs of the patients were analyzed using Period Amplitude Analysis (PAA), during Nights 1 and 3 only. During BZD use, a significant reduction of Total Sleep Time (TST) and increased sleep latency were found in the insomniac group when compared to controls. We found an increase in stage 2 non-REM (NREM) sleep, and a reduction in Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) when comparing to night 3 (after withdrawal). 

Sleep EEGs analysis showed an increase in sigma band and decrease in delta count in stages 2, 3, 4 NREM and REM sleep in the BZD group when comparing to night 3 (after withdrawal). During the BZD withdrawal period, six out of nine subjects taking lorazepam failed withdrawal. In the remaining 19 subjects, gradual withdrawal of BZDs was associated with immediate worsening of nocturnal sleep, as indicated by sleep parameters. However, 15 days after withdrawal (Night 3), 

some of the sleep structure parameters of patients were not significantly different from baseline (while taking BZDs), except for a significant increase in SWS and in delta count throughout most sleep stages, and a decrease in stage 2 NREM sleep. These values were not different from those shown by control subjects. REM sleep parameters showed no significant variation across the experimental conditions. Subjective sleep quality was significantly improved on Night 3 compared with Night 1. 

Conclusions: Chronic intake of BZDs may be associated with poor sleep in this population. A progressive 15-day withdrawal did not avoid an immediate worsening of sleep parameters. But at the end of the protocol, SWS, delta count, and sleep quality were improved compared to those recorded during the chronic BZD intake, despite the lack of change in sleep efficiency.

2004

 "Rising incidence of hospital-reported drug-facilitated sexual assault in a large urban community in Canada. Retrospective population-based study".

McGregor, M. J.; Ericksen, J.; Ronald, L. A.; Janssen, P. A.; Van Vliet, A.; Schulzer, M. 

Canadian Journal of Public Health. 95 (6): 441–445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403990. PMC 6975915. PMID 15622794.

Background

Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) occurs when an individual has been sexually assaulted due to the surreptitious administration of drug(s) thereby rendering her/him unable to give consent. Our study aim was to calculate the age- and sex-specific annual incidence of hospital-reported DFSA and to determine whether a one-year increase in DFSA observed in 1999 in a pilot study on the same population was a significant and sustained trend.

Methods

We identified cases of DFSA by reviewing the sexual assault examination records of all the individuals who presented to a hospital-based sexual assault care referral service in Vancouver, British Columbia during the study time period (January 1, 1993 to May 31, 2002). The annual sex- and age-specific incidence and temporal trends of drug-facilitated sexual assault were examined using population data from the British Columbia Ministry of Health.

Results

The mean annual incidence of female DFSA increased from 3.4 per 100,000 (years 1993–1998) to 10.7 per 100,000 (years 1999–2002). Age-adjusted relative risks for female DFSAs were significantly higher in 1999 (2.77, 95% CI 1.85–4.15), 2000 (3.01, 95% CI 1.97–4.57), 2001 (3.14, 95% CI 2.07–4.78) and 2002 (4.88, 95% CI 2.84–8.37) compared to 1993–1998. Women aged 15–19 years had the highest DFSA incidence, with a year-adjusted relative risk of 3.89 (95% CI 2.75–5.50) compared to all other age groups.

2005

(February 2005)

"Melatonin as a hypnotic: pro".

Sleep Medicine Reviews. 9 (1): 51–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2004.04.003. PMID 15649738

In diurnal species, nocturnal melatonin secretion coincides with the habitual hours of sleep, in contrast to nocturnal animals which are at the peak of their activity while producing melatonin. Studies in humans, diurnal non-human primates, birds and fish show that melatonin treatment can facilitate sleep initiation during the daytime or improve altered overnight sleep. Behaviorally, the sleep-promoting effects of melatonin are distinctly different from those of common hypnotics and are not associated with alterations in sleep architecture. The effects of melatonin on sleep are mediated via specific melatonin receptors and physiologic doses of the hormone, those inducing circulating levels under 200 pg/ml, are sufficient to promote sleep in diurnal species. Aging reduces responsiveness to melatonin treatment and this correlates with reduced functional potency of melatonin receptors. Since melatonin receptors are present in different tissues and organs and involved in multiple physiologic functions, using physiologically relevant doses (0.1–0.3 mg, orally) and time of administration (at bedtime) is recommended, in order to avoid known and unknown side effects of melatonin treatment.

2006

"Sleep circuitry and the hypnotic mechanism of GABAA drugs".

Lu, J.; Greco, M. A..

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2 (2): S19–S26. doi:https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.26527. PMID 17557503

Free Article

No Abstract

2007

Of ethically compromising positions and blatant lies about ‘truth serum’

A. K. Kala

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900002/

When I was eleven years old, I went along with a friend to convey a message to his uncle who worked in a police station. In the courtyard, police were beating a hard-core pickpocket who already had enough beating marks on his body. A very old and thin looking policeman who was going off duty, stopped on seeing this, went to the senior in the beating team and requested with folded hands, “Huzoor, if you permit, can I also give him a slap?” Permission was given with a nod and the slap delivered.

2010

(September 2010)

"[The newer sedative-hypnotics]".

Sukys-Claudino L, Moraes WA, Tufik S, Poyares D Revista.

Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 32 (3): 288–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462010000300014. PMID 20945020

The newer sedative-hypnotics

Lucia Sukys-Claudino

Walter André dos Santos Moraes

Sergio Tufik

Dalva PoyaresSOBRE OS AUTORES

Resumos

2012

(Spring 2012)

"Pharmacodynamic considerations for moderate and deep sedation".

Becker DE 

Anesthesia Progress. 59 (1): 28–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-59.1.28. PMC 3309299. PMID 22428972.

Moderate and deep sedation can be provided using various classes of drugs, each having unique mechanisms of action. While drugs within a given classification share similar mechanisms and effects, certain classes demonstrate superior efficacy but added concern regarding safety. This continuing education article will highlight essential principles of pharmacodynamics and apply these to drugs commonly used to produce moderate and deep sedation.

2016

(July 2016)

"Noteworthy Chemistry of Chloroform"

Alston, Theodore A. .  

Journal of Anesthesia History. 2 (3): 85–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janh.2016.04.008. ISSN 2352-4529. PMID 27480474.

1998

(July 1998)

"The criminal use of chloroform".

Payne, J. P.  

Anaesthesia. 53 (7): 685–690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.528-az0572.x. PMID 9771177. S2CID 1718276.

It is perhaps unfortunate that James Y. Simpson stressed the ease with which chloroform could be used to produce unconsciousness without resort to specialised equipment [1]. The potential advantages were not lost on the criminal fraternity who were quick to attempt a variety of crimes including rape and robbery under its influence. Unlike the use of the cudgel, the garrotte and the pistol it was not a felony in English Law to administer chloroform to another unless the purpose was murder or abortion! As early as 1851 it was public knowledge that chloroform had been used for various criminal purposes as witnessed by a well-known cartoon in Punch magazine of that year [2].

"Medical Annotation: Chloroform amongst Thieves". 

The Lancet. 2 (2200): 490–491. 1865. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)58434-8.

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