Description

This theme extends Lean Manufacturing from isolated shop-floor improvement toward an integrated, demand-driven production and supply-chain system. It covers Just-in-Time (JIT), pull production, Kanban, supermarket systems, FIFO control, production levelling or Heijunka, lot-size reduction, inventory management, production scheduling, supplier integration, customer integration, information sharing, supply-chain coordination, lean–agile relationships, resilience and digital supply-chain support. JIT and Kanban are established lean approaches for coordinating production and material flow, while contemporary studies increasingly connect lean practices with supply-chain responsiveness, digital technologies, sustainability and wider value-chain integration.