Ramadan Fasting and Its Multifaceted Impact on Cardiometabolic, Cognitive, and Frailty Outcomes

Ramadan fasting, a cultural and religious intermittent fasting practice, has garnered global interest for its potential health impacts, particularly among aging populations. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the cardiometabolic, cognitive, and frailty-related outcomes associated with Ramadan fasting. We examined changes in lipid and glucose profiles, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, and body composition, alongside cognitive function, sleep patterns, and neurodegenerative disease implications. Findings indicate that Ramadan fasting can beneficially modulate metabolic risk factors such as triglycerides, glucose levels, and blood pressure, although risk of glycemic variability remains in diabetic individuals. Cognitive outcomes reveal potential neuroprotective effects and nuanced influences on memory and attention, with sleep and circadian rhythms playing mediating roles. Frailty and sarcopenia assessments suggest fasting impacts muscle mass and physical function, underscoring the need for targeted nutritional and exercise interventions. Risk stratification tools utilizing biomarkers and machine learning offer promising personalized management strategies. Overall, Ramadan fasting represents a multifaceted intervention with complex physiological effects, necessitating careful individualized approaches to optimize health benefits and minimize risks in diverse and aging populations.