Accesibilidad para personas con baja visión de los gráficos estadísticos en la prensa digital: una propuesta metodológica basada en indicadores heurísticos
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Resumen: Se presenta un nuevo conjunto de indicadores heurísticos para la evaluación de la accesibilidad de los gráficos estadísticos para personas con baja visión y visión cromática deficiente (VCD), así como un método para su aplicación. Con el objetivo de validar la propuesta, se ha realizado una evaluación heurística de la accesibilidad de 35 gráficos publicados en 5 diarios españoles y 2 internacionales. Los resultados muestran que los indicadores propuestos consiguen detectar una mayor cantidad de problemas únicos, presentan una mejor distribución de los problemas entre heurísticos y consiguen detectar problemas más severos y específicos que las Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG). En relación con los problemas detectados, destaca la prácticamente nula presencia de alternativas textuales en los gráficos publicados como imágenes en formato de mapa de bits, un problema que también se da en el caso de los gráficos publicados en formato SVG, donde destaca el nulo etiquetado de las marcas con estándares como WAI-ARIA. En estos últimos también se observa el pobre uso de indicadores para remarcar los elementos que reciben el foco, o su inaccesibilidad mediante una interfaz de teclado. Otros problemas comunes en ambos tipos de gráficos son la ratio de contraste entre elementos no textuales, por debajo en muchos casos del mínimo requerido, un tamaño de fuente demasiado pequeño o la no sistematización del uso de paletas de colores seguras para personas con VCD. Por lo que respecta a la comparación entre medios nacionales e internacionales, si bien las puntuaciones obtenidas por los internacionales son superiores, éstos comparten un importante número de problemas con los españoles. La lista de indicadores obtenida, más allá de demostrarse útil para propósitos evaluativos, también lo hace como guía para la creación de gráficos accesibles fácilmente incorporable a las guías de estilo de los medios analizados.
Abstract: A new set of heuristic indicators is presented for the evaluation of the accessibility of statistical charts for people with impaired vision and color vision deficiency (CVD), as well as a methodology for their application. To validate the proposal, a heuristic evaluation of the accessibility of 35 charts published in 5 Spanish and 2 international newspapers is carried out. The results show that the proposed indicators enable the detection of a greater number of unique problems, present a better distribution of problems among heuristics, and enable the detection of more severe and specific problems compared with the Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG). Regarding the problems detected, the lack of text alternatives to charts in bitmap format stands out, a problem that also occurs in the case of charts in SVG format, for which standards such as WAI-ARIA are not used for labeling the marks. The latter also underlines the poor use of indicators to highlight the elements that receive focus, or their inaccessibility through a keyboard interface. Other common problems with both types of charts are the non-text contrast ratio, which in many cases is below the minimum required, too small a font size, or the non-systematization of the use of color palettes appropriate for people with CVD. The comparison between national and international media reveals that, although higher scores are obtained by international media, they share a significant number of the problems identified for Spanish media. The list of principles obtained, beyond proving helpful for evaluative purposes, is also useful as a guide for creating accessible charts that could be easily incorporated into the style guides of the analyzed media.
Abstract: A new set of heuristic indicators is presented for the evaluation of the accessibility of statistical charts for people with impaired vision and color vision deficiency (CVD), as well as a methodology for their application. To validate the proposal, a heuristic evaluation of the accessibility of 35 charts published in 5 Spanish and 2 international newspapers is carried out. The results show that the proposed indicators enable the detection of a greater number of unique problems, present a better distribution of problems among heuristics, and enable the detection of more severe and specific problems compared with the Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG). Regarding the problems detected, the lack of text alternatives to charts in bitmap format stands out, a problem that also occurs in the case of charts in SVG format, for which standards such as WAI-ARIA are not used for labeling the marks. The latter also underlines the poor use of indicators to highlight the elements that receive focus, or their inaccessibility through a keyboard interface. Other common problems with both types of charts are the non-text contrast ratio, which in many cases is below the minimum required, too small a font size, or the non-systematization of the use of color palettes appropriate for people with CVD. The comparison between national and international media reveals that, although higher scores are obtained by international media, they share a significant number of the problems identified for Spanish media. The list of principles obtained, beyond proving helpful for evaluative purposes, is also useful as a guide for creating accessible charts that could be easily incorporated into the style guides of the analyzed media.