Animal Coronaviruses
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The first coronavirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, was isolated from chicken eggs in
1937. Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and mouse hepatitis virus were subsequently
identify ed from pigs and mice, respectively, in the 1940s. In the following decades, while the
human coronaviruses were identified in the 1960s, other animal coronaviruses including
porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (1962), feline coronavirus (1970), canine
coronavirus (1971), bovine coronavirus (1973), turkey coronavirus (1973), porcine epidemic
diarrhea virus (1978), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (1984) were also discovered.
In order to study coronaviruses, various systems of reverse genetics have been established
since 1992 for understanding viral replication, elucidating virus-host interaction and pathogenesis, and developing novel coronavirus vaccines. Because of a high- throughput next-generation
sequencing technology was unveiled in 2005, its application in virology has advanced a new
era of coronavirus discovery. Several emerging animal coronaviruses, such as porcine
deltacoronaviruses, therefore, have been identified and characterized. Although there are
diverse animal coronavirus species, this handbook is primarily focused on coronaviruses of
domestic animals and poultry. This handbook is intended to summarize the currently available technologies that have been developed and utilized to make the progress of coronavirus
virology possible. The purpose is to provide the diagnosticians and researchers with practical
methodologies and approaches to tackle animal coronaviruses, which cover the conventional
immunohistochemistry, virus neutralization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, expression and purification of recombinant viral proteins, and various molecular assays, including
conventional and real-time reverse transcription- PCR, reverse genetics methodology, and
next-generation sequencing and sequence analyses. Furthermore, it is reasonable to expect
that the methodologies and approaches highlighted in this handbook are applicable to other
coronavirus species in the Coronaviridae.
1937. Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and mouse hepatitis virus were subsequently
identify ed from pigs and mice, respectively, in the 1940s. In the following decades, while the
human coronaviruses were identified in the 1960s, other animal coronaviruses including
porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (1962), feline coronavirus (1970), canine
coronavirus (1971), bovine coronavirus (1973), turkey coronavirus (1973), porcine epidemic
diarrhea virus (1978), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (1984) were also discovered.
In order to study coronaviruses, various systems of reverse genetics have been established
since 1992 for understanding viral replication, elucidating virus-host interaction and pathogenesis, and developing novel coronavirus vaccines. Because of a high- throughput next-generation
sequencing technology was unveiled in 2005, its application in virology has advanced a new
era of coronavirus discovery. Several emerging animal coronaviruses, such as porcine
deltacoronaviruses, therefore, have been identified and characterized. Although there are
diverse animal coronavirus species, this handbook is primarily focused on coronaviruses of
domestic animals and poultry. This handbook is intended to summarize the currently available technologies that have been developed and utilized to make the progress of coronavirus
virology possible. The purpose is to provide the diagnosticians and researchers with practical
methodologies and approaches to tackle animal coronaviruses, which cover the conventional
immunohistochemistry, virus neutralization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, expression and purification of recombinant viral proteins, and various molecular assays, including
conventional and real-time reverse transcription- PCR, reverse genetics methodology, and
next-generation sequencing and sequence analyses. Furthermore, it is reasonable to expect
that the methodologies and approaches highlighted in this handbook are applicable to other
coronavirus species in the Coronaviridae.