A Comprehensive Review of Maternal and Infant Feeding Practices: Policies, Support Systems, and Innovations for Optimal Nutrition

Maternal and infant feeding practices are critical determinants of infant health and long-term development, influenced by a complex interplay of policies, cultural norms, and support systems. This review synthesizes current literature on international and national regulatory frameworks, healthcare and community-based support mechanisms, and emerging technological innovations aimed at optimizing maternal and infant nutrition. Key findings indicate varying success in the implementation of the WHO International Code and national legislation, underscoring persistent gaps and the need for harmonized standards. Support systems, spanning trained healthcare professionals, peer groups, and digital platforms, demonstrate efficacy in improving feeding outcomes but are challenged by disparities in access, especially among marginalized populations. Innovations such as milk banking, advanced breast milk analyses, and digital monitoring tools offer promising avenues to enhance nutrition practices. The review concludes that addressing inequalities, bolstering global policy coordination, and fostering culturally appropriate, sustainable interventions are essential for advancing optimal feeding practices worldwide.