Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Female Reproductive Hormones and Menstrual Cycle Regulation: Implications for Reproductive Health

Ramadan intermittent fasting, a significant religious practice involving periodic abstinence from food and drink, has garnered attention for its metabolic and health effects. This review aims to synthesize existing literature on the impact of Ramadan fasting on female reproductive hormones and menstrual cycle regulation, elucidating implications for reproductive health. Analyzing studies assessing hormonal fluctuations (estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, androgens), menstrual patterns, and fertility outcomes revealed that fasting influences hormonal circadian rhythms and metabolic mediators like insulin and leptin, which may contribute to menstrual irregularities including oligomenorrhea and polymenorrhea. Psychological stress, nutritional status, and socio-cultural factors further modulate menstrual health during Ramadan. While some evidence suggests potential benefits in managing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, concerns persist regarding fertility and ovarian reserve alterations. The review underscores the complex interplay between fasting, endocrine regulation, and reproductive function, highlighting the necessity for tailored healthcare counseling and further longitudinal research to clarify long-term reproductive outcomes associated with Ramadan intermittent fasting.