Spiritual Mediums and Shamanism in Vietnamese Folk Religion
Vietnamese folk religion features a deep connection between the physical and spiritual realms, often facilitated through spiritual mediums and shamans. These individuals serve as conduits between deities, ancestors, and worshippers, playing a crucial role in rituals and ceremonies.
The Role of Spiritual Mediums (Đồng)
Mediums, known as Đồng, are believed to have a special connection to spirits. Through rituals, trance states, and ceremonial performances, they invoke spirits to deliver messages, blessings, or guidance.
Key aspects of spiritual mediums include:
Lên Đồng Ritual (Spirit Possession) – Mediums embody deities or spirits, performing symbolic dances while dressed in elaborate costumes.
Healing and Blessings – Some mediums help individuals overcome illnesses or spiritual imbalances through blessings or chants.
Fortune-telling and Divination – Mediums interpret signs from the spirit world, advising worshippers on personal matters, business, and relationships.
Spiritual possession ceremonies are often accompanied by music, incense, and offerings, creating an immersive experience where worshippers can interact with divine figures.
Shamanism and Folk Healers
Shamans, referred to as Pháp Sư or Thầy Mo, serve as spiritual guides and traditional healers, performing rituals to:
Protect individuals from misfortune.
Appease spirits and ancestors.
Conduct exorcisms to drive away negative energies.
Interpret dreams and signs for guidance.
Shamanic practices often involve chanting, symbolic objects, and herbal remedies, reflecting Vietnam’s indigenous traditions merged with Daoist and Buddhist influences.
Famous Spirit Mediums and Temples
Spirit mediumship is widely practiced in temples dedicated to Mother Goddesses, village deities, and legendary heroes. Some important locations include:
Phủ Tây Hồ (Hanoi) – A major site for Mother Goddess spirit possession rituals.
Đền Bảo Hà (Lào Cai) – Associated with protective warrior spirits.
Đền Sòng Sơn (Thanh Hóa) – Revered for divine blessings and fortune-telling practices.
During major religious festivals, these temples host mass spirit possession ceremonies, attracting thousands of worshippers.
Controversies and Cultural Adaptation
Although spiritual mediumship is widely accepted, it has faced criticism from modern skeptics questioning the authenticity of spirit possession. Some see it as superstition, while others emphasize its cultural and psychological significance.
Despite this, spiritual mediums continue to thrive, integrating their practices with modern beliefs, psychological counseling, and artistic performances.
Conclusion
Spirit mediums and shamans remain vital to Vietnamese folk religion, acting as bridges between the material and spiritual worlds. Whether through Lên Đồng rituals, healing ceremonies, or divine messages, these practices preserve Vietnam’s mystical traditions while adapting to contemporary society.