Carbon Coalitions Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading

A book is like an iceberg: only the smaller part of the whole is visible. This book rests on the contributions of a great many people to whom I owe thanks for their support, encouragement, and constructive criticism. Robert Falkner, my doctoral adviser at the London School of Economics and Political Science, merits special appreciation, as he was an excellent guide throughout my doctorate. As much as the topic of this book spans the Atlantic, so did the actual research process. I wrote the larger part of the book during my fellowships at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and the Mossavar- Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard University. Kelly Sims Gallagher, John Holdren, and Henry Lee offered a most inspiring intellectual home in the Energy Technology Innovation Policy group as well as many valuable insights into international and U.S. climate politics. Robert Stavins and Robert Stowe of the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements gave me the wonderful opportunity to revise the thesis for publication as a book. I am grateful for their hospitality and generous support. Over the years, the work resulting in this book was made possible through funding from the German National Academic Foundation, the Consortium on Energy Policy Research at Harvard, the Environment and Natural Resources Program at the Harvard Kennedy School, the Ev. Studienwerk Villigst e.V., and the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. Funding through the McCloy Fellowship in Environmental Affairs of the American Council on Germany allowed for extensive fi eldwork in the United States. This book would not have been possible without those policymakers, activists, and lobbyists in Europe and the United States who were willing to take time out of their busy schedules for interviews. I was often struck by the commitment they brought to the interviews as well. They have been an essential source for original insights into the globalization of carbon trading. A great number of other people helped along the way—only

some of which I can name here. The effectiveness of the interview phase in Washington, DC, was tremendously enhanced by Mark Starik’s kind offer of an offi ce at the Department of Strategic Management and Public Policy at the George Washington University Business School. Special thanks also go to Ans Kolk and David Levy, who gave me access to their data collection on the role of oil majors in climate politics in the 1990s, thereby providing an additional critical source of information. I am indebted to Stacy VanDeveer, too, for guiding me through the various steps of publishing a book. I am grateful for the extensive and valuable comments on the manuscript from Frank Biermann, Stephen Woolcock, and three anonymous reviewers. Finally, I owe thanks to Clay Morgan and his colleagues from the MIT Press who carefully shepherded me through the process of preparing the manuscript for publication. This book would never have been written had it not been for friends and family keeping me grounded, lending moral support, and sharing laughter and good times. In all my years of academic soul- searching, my parents, Doris and Hans Meckling, have been extraordinarily supportive, instilling in me the belief that it is a worthwhile journey to pursue my interests and passions. To them and my sisters, Karen and Anna, I dedicate this work.