How Spelling Systems Affect Reading: Understanding Shallow vs. Deep Orthographies
*Orthography refers to the system of spelling and writing in a language.
Shallow/ Transparent Orthography( No Waves)
Deep/ Turbulent Orthography( Multiple Waves)
**The shallow and transparent sea with no waves symbolizes the easy-to-understand nature of shallow orthographies, while the turbulent and stormy sea with lots of waves mirrors the complexity of deep orthographies.
How Spelling Systems Shape the Reading Experience-
Understanding Shallow vs. Deep Orthographies: A Guide for Parents
When teaching reading to children, especially those with dyslexia, it’s crucial to understand the different types of orthographies—the systems of spelling and writing in any given language. Shallow orthographies and deep orthographies are terms that describe how closely the written letters (graphemes) match their spoken sounds (phonemes). I will try to explain the differences between these orthographies and how shallow orthographies can benefit dyslexic learners, particularly when learning a second language.
How Shallow Orthographies Help Dyslexic Learners
Shallow orthographies, thanks to their consistent relationship between sounds and letters, offer key benefits for dyslexic readers learning a second language:
Reduced Cognitive Load: Shallow orthographies reduce the mental effort required to decode words. The consistent mapping between letters and sounds allows dyslexic readers to focus more on understanding the language and its meaning, instead of getting bogged down by confusing spelling rules.
Improved Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness—the ability to recognize and manipulate sounds—is easier to develop in shallow orthographies. Dyslexic readers, who often struggle with phonemic awareness, can strengthen this skill by connecting spoken and written language more easily.
Faster Word Recognition: The predictable relationship between letters and sounds helps dyslexic learners recognize words more quickly. This reduces frustration and boosts confidence in their reading abilities.
Minimized Spelling Inconsistencies: Languages with deep orthographies, like English, are filled with spelling irregularities (e.g., the “ough” sound in words like though, tough, cough). These inconsistencies can be particularly challenging for dyslexic readers. Shallow orthographies avoid these complexities, making reading more manageable.
Easier Application of Phonics: Phonics instruction focuses on the relationship between sounds and letters, and shallow orthographies make this easier to apply. Dyslexic learners can use consistent phonics rules to strengthen their reading skills, building fluency more effectively.
Conclusion:
For dyslexic readers learning a second language, shallow orthographies like Spanish offer a clear advantage. The consistent relationship between sounds and letters helps reduce many of the challenges dyslexic readers face, allowing them to focus on fluency and comprehension rather than navigating irregular spelling patterns.
While English is a deep orthography with a more complex relationship between sounds and letters, learners can successfully navigate its spelling system through explicit, rule-based instruction. For example, the /f/ sound can be spelled in multiple ways, such as in "phone" (with 'ph'), "laugh" (with 'gh'), and "fun" (with 'f'). With systematic instruction, even the complexities of English orthography can be mastered, helping learners build their reading skills with greater confidence.